Alexandru Herlea

Alexandru Herlea: Comunicare la Congresul ICOHTEC, 18 iulie 2018, Saint-Etienne, Franţa

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Actualizare octombrie 2020: în 2019, ICON, publicaţie bianuală a ICOHTEC, a publicat în nr. 24/2018-2019 (disponibil aici) articolul semnat de prof. Alexandru Herlea: 50 Years, Tribute to Maurice Daumas and Petre Sergescu, bazat pe comunicarea prezentată mai jos

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Dear friends, dear colleagues,
Ladies and gentlemen,

It is an honour to speak here today at this commemoration session celebrating half a century of ICOHTEC’s existence and pay tribute to Maurice Daumas, who played a leading role in its birth and in the decade that followed. The ICOHTEC was created, as you know, in 1968, at the 16^th Congress of the History Division of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, which took place in Paris, at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers – CNAM, hosted by M. Daumas. On this occasion, he was elected General Secretary of our institution. Two years later, in 1970, he organized in Pont-à-Mousson the first Congress on the theme „The acquisition of technologies by non-initiating countries” and published the proceedings. (1)

Maurice Daumas, founding father of the History of technology in France, is one of those personalities whose role and influence were strong in various fields: in science and teaching, in the dissemination of knowledge, in the social and political life. He belonged to an open and generous French intelligentsia, deeply opposed to all forms of totalitarianism, who contributed not only to the development of science itself, but also to the establishment of its institutions. (2)

Maurice Daumas was born in the South of France, in Béziers, on the 11^th of December 1910, in an old family of Languedoc. Both his parents were teachers and this family background developed his taste for culture and excellence. He went to high school in Montpellier, where he received his “baccalauréat”, and studied chemistry in Paris, at the Faculté des Sciences – Sorbonne, where he obtained the French “license” in 1935. (3)

He worked as a chemist for nine years, from 1935 to 1942, in the Laboratoire Municipal de la Préfecture de Police de Paris and then for another two years in the Research Laboratory of the Doiteau Society, a chemical factory in Corbeil, near Paris. At that time, M. Daumas had already expressed a major interest in the scientific and technical culture, which he deemed an integral part of culture, in the tradition of the encyclopaedists. He wrote his first popularization articles on scientific knowledge and was also noticed for his organizational skills. In 1941 he was one of the founders of the collection Que sais-je?  at the Presses Universitaires de France – PUF. In the same year he published his first book in this collection: “Les Matières Plastiques”. (4)

In 1944 he changed the profile of his activity and became editorial secretary to the Fondation Française pour l’Étude des Problèmes Humains, also called Fondation Alexis Carrel, which would become L’Institut National d’Études Démographiques – INED, after the war. He remained there until 1947, when he was appointed Deputy Curator at the Musée National des Techniques – CNAM, where, in 1960, he became Curator. He kept this responsibility until his retirement, in 1976, alongside to that of Professor, holder of the first Chair of the History of technology in France, created for him within the CNAM, in 1969. (5)

It is also noteworthy to stress that, at the beginning of his career, Maurice Daumas participated in the trade union movements linked to the Front Populaire, as well as in several cultural movements, and he published some articles in the newspapers of the time.

From the early 1940s on, he carried out his interest in the History of science and technology, as make obvious his two biographies published by Gallimard: that of Antoine Lavoisier, in 1941, and that of François Arago, in 1943. (6) In these books, based on a rich bibliography and which target quite a broad audience, the protagonists are presented in the context of the scientific and social life. Between 1945 and 1948, he holds a regular chronicle in the prestigious journal “Combat”, directed by Albert Camus, in which he addresses topics related to scientific and technological culture, including history and epistemology, ideology and politics. He wrote on the progress of technology and its consequences, on the role of wars in this progress, science-technology relationships, research and training in science and technology across the world, etc. He developed these topics later in his work as historian of science and technology. Robert Belot, organizer of our Congress in Saint-Etienne, has recently started to work on Maurice Daumas as journalist at „Combat”.

After 1946, Maurice Daumas attended the Centre International de Synthèse, which houses the International Academy of History of Science – IAHS, in Paris, rue Colbert, where he met both René Taton, the French historian of science and Petre Sergescu, the vice-President of the Academy. At this time, he also collaborated closely with the famous philosopher Gaston Bachelard, whose influence is visible in his work. Namely, in his book “L’acte chimique. Essai sur l’histoire de la philosophie chimique” published in 1945, in which Maurice Daumas shows that in chemistry the principles have evolved considerably and those of the eighteenth century are very different from those existing at the beginning of the Second World War. (7) The same vision is developed in his book entitled: “Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur”, published in 1955, in which he analyses the work and experiments of the prominent scientist, taking into consideration the state of knowledge of his time and highlighting its importance to the birth of modern chemistry. In this study based on first-hand sources, Daumas raises relevant and courageous issues and reconsiders some approaches. (8) From his youth, he was interested in the History of science and technology research.

In parallel, as Curator of the CNAM Museum, Daumas was carrying out thematic research related to the museum collections and to the permanent and temporary exhibitions that he organized. The exhibition on clocks and watchmakers in the 18^th century prompted his interest in the History of scientific instruments. This theme was going to become the topic of his PhD thesis, undertaken under the supervision of Gaston Bachelard, which he defended in 1952 and which gave rise to the publication of two books that made Maurice Daumas known all around the world. The first, published in 1953, is entitled “Instruments scientifiques aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles” (9) and the second, already mentioned, published in 1955 – “Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur”.

Two years later, in 1957, Maurice Daumas published “l’Histoire de la Science”, in l’Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, at Gallimard – a collective book he directed and on which he had been working for a long time. It encompasses several personal contributions, including a remarkable introductory study of nearly 200 pages entitled: “Esquisse d’une histoire de la pensée scientifique”, which highlights the extent of his culture. (10)

In parallel, he published many articles on a wide range of topics related to the History of science and technology. Several of them appeared in the following journals: “Revue d’Histoire des Sciences”, “Revue de Synthèse”, “Isis”, “Technology and Culture”, “Archives internationales d’Histoire des Sciences” (he was editor-in-chief of this magazine from 1954 to 1959) and “Documents pour l’histoire des techniques”. He also wrote introductory studies for several books, such as « L’Invention et le progrès industriel au XIX siècle » published in « Brevets d’invention français, 1791 – 1902. Un siècle de progrès technique », in 1958, a study highly valued by François Caron, the well-known economic historian who emphasized the deep interdependence between the History of technology and the Economic history, speaking about the “modèle technique” defined by him as a synthesis of the technology and the economic systems. (11)

But, from 1960, when he was appointed Curator of the CNAM Museum, as we have already mentioned, Maurice Daumas was mainly devoted to the History of technology, including the writing of “Histoire Générale des Techniques”, the reference work he directed, (12) and to the enhancement of the museum collections. He carried out many studies on the collections of the museum (mechanics, metallurgy, scientific instruments, various scientific and technical equipment) and worked on the renewal of a few exhibition halls and on the organization of several temporary exhibitions. He also assumed responsibilities in international organizations, including that of Treasurer of the International Council of Museums, between 1958 and 1971.

As soon as he was appointed Curator of the CNAM Museum, Maurice Daumas created the Centre de documentation en histoire des techniques – CDHT, whose director he remained until his retirement, when this responsibility was taken over by his main collaborator, the distinguished and erudite scholar Jacques Payen. (13) Placed under the triple patronage of the CNAM, the CNRS (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique) and the EHESS (Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales), the CDHT carried out important documentation and research activities linked not only to the museum collections, but also to the History of technology in general.

 Under the auspices of the CDHT were published, starting with 1961, nine issues of the journal „Documents pour l’histoire des techniques”. The last one, published in 1975, entitled “Études pour un traitement automatique des sources en histoire des techniques” documents the results of a six years work carried out by a team of five-six persons led by M. Daumas. (14) The decision to work on such a topic highlights Daumas’ desire and ability to keep up with the technological progress.

I was part of this team, since the autumn of 1972 when M. Daumas hired me as research assistant at the CNAM – CDHT where I also prepared under his direction my PhD thesis on the history of the internal combustion engines, which I defended in March 1977. (15) It gave me the opportunity to appreciate Daumas’ leadership, as well as his human qualities, in particular his generosity.

Maurice Daumas’ dynamism and deep involvement in research were boundless; his know-how in finding funding sources was also remarkable. Thus, in 1973, he established at the CDHT another working group formed by recruiting four young researchers; three of them (Claudine Fontanon, Gérald Jigaudon and Dominique Larroque) would remain, like myself, for many years at the CNAM. Under the leadership of M. Daumas and J. Payen, they carried out research work in the socio-economics of technological development, leading to books edited by CDHT, between 1976 and 1980, namely: “Évolution de la géographie industrielle de Paris et de sa proche banlieue au XIX^ème siècle”, (16) « Analyse historique des transports en commun dans la région parisienne 1855-1939 » (17) and “Infrastructure de transport et développement urbain. Le cas des petites villes enclavées 1842-1975 : compte rendu de recherche”. (18)

In 1976, after a serious heart attack, when he was 66 years old, Maurice Daumas retired. Yet, he didn’t slow down his activities, quite the opposite. Thus, he undertook, inter alia, the launch of Industrial archaeology in France. He felt particularly concerned with and even responsible for the protection and enhancement of the industrial heritage; moreover, this responsibility was inscribed in the statutes of the CNAM. The demolition in 1969 of the Machine de Marly affected him deeply.

As early as 1975, Maurice Daumas, as the head of a team of several people, started a survey, based on standardized questionnaires on the industrial buildings, that led in 1978, to the publication by the CDHT of a study report entitled: “Les bâtiments à usage industriel aux XVIII^ème et XIX^ème siècles en France”. (19) The same year, the Comité d’information et de liaison pour l’archéologie, l’étude et la mise en valeur du patrimoine industriel – CILAC was also founded and M. Daumas was elected its first President. This happened during the third congress of the International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage – TICCIH, held in Stockholm. After his return to Paris, he launched the biannual magazine: “l’Archéologie Industrielle en France”, initially published by the CDHT. 

Two years later, in 1980, he published “l’Archéologie Industrielle en France”, at Robert Laffont, a reference book based on a rich and solid documentation, established at the CDHT. (20) I remember the long list of publications on Industrial archaeology which M. Daumas had asked me, in the summer of 1978, to bring him from England, the first country where Industrial archaeology was established as a subject of study in the 1960’s.

Towards the end of his life, he also started research in Marc Seguin’s archives, along with his close friend the American Professor Charles C. Gillispie, a work developed later by Michel Cotte, (21) and was involved in the resumption of the publication of the “Correspondance de Lavoisier”, carried out in the 1980’s by Ms. Michelle Goupil, at the Académie des Sciences, (22) and after 1993 by Patrice Bret. (23)

Maurice Daumas died on the 18^th of March 1984, but research on the subjects launched by him at the CDHT was carried out not only after his retirement, but also after his death. Hence, for example, two studies respectively entitled: „Petites villes et infrastructures de transport 1851-1954”, (24) two volumes published in 1982 and 1985, a logical follow-up to the one called „Infrastructures de transport et développement urbain. Le cas des petites villes enclavées 1842-1975” (already mentioned) and „L’industrialisation de la Région Parisienne dans la première moitié du XXème siècle; les sources de l’histoire des établissements industriels ; commentaire critique et traitement cartographique” (25), published in 1985, a follow-up to « Evolution de la géographie industrielle de Paris et sa proche banlieue au XIXe siècle » (also previously mentioned). The files made up in this regard at the CDHT, between 1973 and 1985, were used in 1998, thanks to Gérard Jigaudon, by the French Ministry of the Environment, for the creation of a database of polluted sites (http://www.brgm.fr/site-web/basias).

But Maurice Daumas was, above all, a major founder of the History of technology at international level and, in my view, the most important one in France. I shall explain why.

The discipline acquired its academic recognition only when its microcosm agreed that it was neither an internal history – a technical History of technology, nor an external one – an economic, social, political or institutional history, but a history integrating all these aspects that are interdependent and influence each other.

Maurice Daumas considered that the state of the technical History of technology made its achievement a priority. He said that he had “chosen to deal with the technical History of technology by passing almost silently the exogenous factors to the technical fields, yet essential, to a large part, to its development”. (26)

M. Daumas rose to the challenge and achieved a technical History of technology. He followed the call of Lucien Febvre who, in an entire issue of the magazine of the Ecole des Annales, published in 1935, argued for the establishment of a new branch of history, the History of technology (27) and the example of Charles Singer who directed, starting with 1954, the publication of the book “A History of Technology” at the Oxford University Press. (28) Under Daumas’ direction, the five volumes of “Histoire Générale des Techniques” (already mentioned) were published by the Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, between 1962 and 1978. They were followed by “Les grandes étapes du progrès technique”, published by the PUF as well, in the collection Que sais-je ? in 1981, (29) and “Le Cheval de César ou le mythe des révolutions techniques”, which Daumas deemed his testament as historian of technology, published after his death by the Éditions des archives contemporaines – eac. (30)

I will not comment on these works, which are well known, I will only remind you very briefly of Maurice Daumas’ vision on the evolution of technologies.

The main notion that M. Daumas introduced is that of “complexe technique” (technological complex) in order to define what Bertrand Gille, the other founding father of the history of technology in France, called “systeme technique” (technological system). (31) Maurice Daumas emphasised the interdependence between the technologies that form the technological complex whose evolution is due, he said, to an incessant quest for balance in the context of a perpetual state of rupture of equilibrium caused by both factors internal to the complex and external to it. He argued that “the industrial civilisation is characterized by regular technical developments”. (32)

Maurice Daumas also said that there were no revolutions (ruptures) in the evolution of technologies and stressed the fact that there was a single moment of acceleration of technological change, produced at the time of the Industrial Revolution, when the pace of the evolution curve of the technological change was modified. Following the way opened by Lewis Mumford in “Technics and Civilizations”, in 1934, (33) Daumas also made proposals for a timeline of history according to the evolution of technologies. In his books “Les grandes étapes du progrès technique” and “Le Cheval de César”, he defined five technological complexes, which he called: primitive, archaic, traditional, classical and scientific. In “Le Cheval de César” he wrote: “Innovation arrives in its time, made possible by a convergence of means tending towards a balance which controls the switch of a technological complex into another one”. (34)

The science-technology relationships, the acceleration of the technological change by wars and many other subjects, to which Daumas gave great importance, should also be mentioned. (35) But because of the limited time, I shall stop here, in order to emphasise other aspects of Daumas’ personality.

He was also a brilliant professor. In the context of the process of recognition of the History of technology as an academic discipline in France, he led with determination and success the fight for opening an educational system in this discipline. During his curatorship at the Museum of CNAM, he started teaching at the Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines de l’Université de Nancy, where he delivered a course on the History of science and technology. This lasted for two years (1966-1968), during which M. Daumas worked for the opening of a Chair in History of technology at the CNAM. (36)

In 1969 the Chair called “Histoire des Techniques Modernes et Contemporaines” was created through the transformation of the position of Curator into that of CNAM Professor. (37) A few years later, in 1972, Maurice Daumas also obtained the creation, at the CNAM, of a position of Maître de conferences (Lecturer) in History of technology for Jacques Payen, already mentioned. A brilliant researcher, a graduate of École Nationale des Chartes, he assisted Daumas both at the CDHT and at the Chair of History of technology, where teaching was delivered for seven years, until September 1976, when M. Daumas retired. It was aimed, as M. Daumas specified in the draft programme of courses presented to the Conseil de Perfectionnement of the CNAM in 1969, „to bring listeners to the concepts on the historical development of major scientific and technical disciplines that give to the civilization of the twentieth century its basic characters. The general knowledge that they will gain will help them overcome some drawbacks of too rigorous specialization and better understand the meaning and the interest of activities in their own field.” (38) His teaching cover two years, focusing primarily on the technical History of technology, without being confined there; it responded to the expectations of students who were preparing a scientific or technical degree at the CNAM and should also acquire socio-economic credits, as J. Payen pointed out. (39)

After his retirement, Daumas taught Industrial archaeology at the Université de Paris IV for two years, from 1978 to 1980.

The Chair “Histoire des Techniques Contemporaines” of Maurice Daumas was not renewed, it was replaced by a Chair called “Technologie et Société”, where Jean-Jacques Salomon was elected in 1978 CNAM Professor; he was the head of the Political Science and Technology Division of the OECD and also Associate Professor of “socio-politics of science” at CNAM, since 1972. But the History of technology promoted by Maurice Daumas survived at the CNAM, both at the level of research and of training, first of all thanks to Jacques Payen, head of the CDHT, who obtained the title of Professor in 1987. It survived also partially in the Museum and in the frame of the new Chair “Technologie et Société” and the Centre Science Technique et Société – CSTS led by J.J. Solomon, assisted successively by Bruno Latour and Geneviève Schmeder and later also Catherine Bertho-Lavenir. (40) I belonged to the CSTS, where, inter alia, I directed the French degree Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies – DEA in Science, technology and society, delivered to the physicist Jean-Paul Deleage, in 1983, for his work on the Fournayron turbine, which was an illustration of the survival of Daumas’ vision in history of technology. (41)

Daumas’ inheritance was even more manifest with the opening in 1987 of the first “Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies – DEA” in History of technology in France, at the joint initiative of the CNAM (Prof. Jacques Payen and myself, Maître de conférences), the Université de Paris IV (Prof. François Caron) and the EHESS (Directeurs de recherche: Patrick Fridenson and Denis Woronoff). (42) In this framework was inaugurated at the CNAM the course entitled: “Histoire des structures et filières techniques”, one of the four fundamental courses of the DEA. Two years later, in the autumn of 1989, the two-year course of Maurice Daumas, entitled “Histoire des techniques contemporaines”, was also reopened for the CNAM students. Both courses were taught from 1987 (1989, respectively) till 1996 by Professor Jacques Payen (1987 to 1993, the year of his death), Gerard Emptoz (1990 to 1993) and myself during all this period. (43)

But the legacy of Maurice Daumas in the teaching of the History of technology also continued out of the CNAM, namely at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures where from 1982 to 1987, J. Payen and myself taught a course called “Histoire des techniques”; at the Université de Nantes, where Gerard Emptoz became Professor of History of technology in 1993, and at the Université de Technologie de Belfort Montbéliard, where I was myself recruited Professor in this discipline in 1995.

Daumas’ achievements were recognized both at the national and international level. He became a laureate of the Prix Pelloit (1953) and the Prix Freycinet (1957) of the French Académie des Sciences. In 1965 he received the Leonardo da Vinci Medal of the Society for the History of Technology – SHOT.

His teaching performances were linked not only to his extensive knowledge and communication skills, but also to his listening capacities and his human qualities. I remember with emotion the kindness with which he received me when I arrived as a refugee in France and he accepted to direct my PhD thesis, the confidence he invested in me when he proposed me to collaborate at the “Histoire Générale des Techniques”, introducing me at the Presses Universitaires de France – PUF where I published also some years later “Les Moteurs” (44), the assistance he gave me in the preparation of the year of post-doctoral studies I spent in the United States in 1978-79. It was also thanks to his support (he made the proposal) that I became, in 1981, a member of the Executive Committee of the ICOHTEC, replacing him as French representative. In 1990, in this capacity, I organised, at the CNAM, Paris, the 18^th ICOHTEC Congress (the second in France) on “Science-Technology Relationships”, a theme to which Maurice Daumas had paid particular attention. (45)

I remember also that I participated, together with Maurice Daumas, in the Congress of the History Division of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, which took place in Bucharest, in 1981. At the end of this Congress, when he left Bucharest for Paris, M. Daumas had the generosity and courage to carry in his luggage documents that a friend of mine, a Romanian refugee in Paris, absolutely needed. I told him about the situation and he immediately offered his help in spite of the risks.

Let me share with you one last memory. When he received me at the CNAM in 1972, knowing that I am of Romanian origin, Maurice Daumas spoke to me about Petre Sergescu and, among other things, he said:   «You know, we, French historians of science and technology, are all disciples of Pierre Sergescu». What a beautiful homage!

This allows me to say a few words about Petre Sergescu, too, as the title of my speech mentions. In 2018, as we celebrate the 125^th anniversary of his birth, papers about his life and his work were presented at the Congress of the “Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques – CTHS”, which took place in April in Paris and at the Romanian Academy, in May. (46)

Born in Romania, in 1893, Petre Sergescu studied in France, where he lived for many years. He is one of those Romanians whose work is an integral part of the French and European culture.

A high-level mathematician, a Professor of analytic geometry, a science historian, he played a leading role in the institutional development of the History of science and technology and this is the reason why we are paying tribute to him today. Petre Sergescu was a committed intellectual throughout his life, promoting the great European values and was attached to his origins.

After World War II, a refugee in Paris, he devoted himself mainly to the History of science and to Romania. (47)

In the History of science, he was the main architect of the international collaboration in this field, being the one who led to the creation of the International Union of History of Science – IUHS, in Lausanne, in 1947, at the Congress of Science History. At this congress Sergescu was elected Secretary General of the IUHS and President of the International Academy of History of Science – IAHS, as well as editor of the Magazine “International History of Science Archives”. After his premature death in 1954, these three positions were occupied by three different personalities. A few years before his death he was elected Permanent Secretary of the IAHS. (48)

In Paris, P. Sergescu developed many other activities in the field of science history, teaching and dissemination. He organised, starting in 1946, annual meetings of the section of Science history at the congresses of the Association Française pour l’Avancement des Sciences – AFAS. He founded the Séminaire d’Histoire des Mathématiques at the Institut Henri Poincaré and created the annual cycles of Science history conferences which took place at the Palais de la Découverte, where he also participated in setting-up of several exhibitions.

He wrote a lot, more than 160 titles, especially in the fields of Mathematics and in the History and philosophy of sciences. One of his most popular books, published in Paris in 1951 is „Coups d’œil sur les origines de la science exacte moderne”. (49) Let us also mention here: “Gandirea Matematica”, published in Romania in 1928 (50), crowned by the Romanian Academy ; “Les sciences mathématiques en France au 19^ème siècle et au début du 20^ème siècle” (Tableau du XX^ème siècle) published in Paris in 1933, which received a price from the French Académie des Sciences (51); “L’évolution des sciences mathématiques et physiques”, published in Paris in 1935 (52) and the study for the French pavilion in The World Expo in New York of 1939 entitled: “Some important dates in the evolution of French Mathematics” published in tens of thousands of copies. (53)

Apart from science, P. Sergescu was interested in Romania’s and the Romanian exiles’ situation. He denounced the Soviet occupation and the Communist reign of terror and led a campaign aimed at highlighting the European vocation of Romania. He was the president of l’Association des Roumains Professeurs des Universités à Paris and the director of Fundaţia Regală Universitară Carol I (known in Paris also as l’Institut Universitaire Roumain Charles I), the most important cultural institution of the Romanian exile. He was also present in the long and difficult debates about the political organization of the exile, including the structure, composition and role of the Romanian National Committee.  He was dedicated to refugees’ assistance. (54)

Let us also mention that his wife, Marya Kasterska, a well-known writer, of Polish origin, and himself, in their apartment in the Quartier Latin, hosted a cultural salon attended by Parisian personalities of the cultural and scientific life, on Saturday evenings. Among them: Henry de Montherlant, the mathematicians Paul Montel and Emile Borel, the historians of sciences René Taton and Maurice Daumas, alongside the refugees from the countries of Eastern Europe, notably from Romania, such as Mircea Eliade or Nicolae Herescu and young students. (55)

I will conclude with the words of René Taton on Maurice Daumas:

«By the importance and diversity of his work, by the energy of his action, by the richness of the new orientations which he has endeavoured to promote, Maurice Daumas has contributed with great efficiency to the renewal and the development of the studies of science and technology history in France» (56)

and Petre Sergescu:

«The disappearance of this simple, friendly and devoted man, of this outstanding animator, honest and modest historian, was deeply felt as well among the Romanian emigrants whom he had helped with extreme dedication, among the many disciples and friends that he had been able to reunite and among the entire international community of science historians that he had helped to rebuild and animate». (57)

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Footnotes

• Actes du Colloque International sur l’Acquisition des Techniques par les Pays non-initiateurs. CNRS, Paris, 1973
• Taton, René. « Nécrologie Maurice Daumas (1910 -1984) », Revue d’histoire des sciences, tome 37 nr. 3-4, Paris, 1984, pp. 334-338.
• Herlea, Alexandre. Maurice Daumas. Technology and Culture, vol. 26, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1985, p. 698-702 & Daumas, Maurice. Curriculum vitae. Procès verbaux du Conseil de Perfectionnement – CNAM, 1969, pp. 00022-23. Archives du CNAM.
• Daumas, Maurice. Les Matières Plastiques. Presses Universitaires de France – PUF (Que sais-je ?) Paris,
• Gillispie, Charles. Éloge of Maurice Daumas, Isis, no. 76 (1985), pp.72-74.
• Daumas, Maurice. Lavoisier, Gallimard, Paris, 1941 & Daumas, Maurice. Arago, Gallimard, Paris, 1943.
• Daumas, Maurice. L’acte chimique : essai sur l’histoire de la philosophie chimique. Sablons, Bruxelles, 1945.
• Daumas, Maurice. Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur. PUF, Paris, 1955.
• Daumas, Maurice. Instruments scientifiques aux XVIIème et XVIIIème siècles. PUF, Paris, 1953.
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.), l’Histoire de la Science Gallimard (l’Encyclopédie de la Pléiade) Paris, 1957.
• Brevets d’invention français, 1791–1902. Un siècle de progrès technique, Institut national de la Propriété Industrielle, Paris, 1958.
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.), Histoire Générale des techniques. 5 volumes, PUF, Paris, 1962 – 1978. I : Les origines de la civilisation technique. (1962), vol. II : Les premières étapes du machinisme XVe – XVIIIe siècle (1965), vol. III : L’expansion du Machinisme 1725 – 1860 (1968), vol. IV : Les Techniques de la Civilisation Industrielle ; Energie et matériaux (1978), vol. V : Les Techniques de la Civilisation Industrielle ; Transformation, Communication, Facteurs Humain (1978).
• Herlea, Alexandre. Hommage à Jacques Payen. Bulletin de la Société Française d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques, no. 36, Paris, Janvier, 1995, pp. 10-14.
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.); Payen, Jacques (dir.). Études pour un traitement automatique des sources en histoire des techniques. CDHT – CNAM, Paris, 1975.
• Herlea, Alexandre. La creation, l’évolution technique et l’importance économique des moteurs industriels à combustion interne à piston jusqu’en 1914. Thèse de 3e cycle. EHESS, Paris, 1977 (2 vol.).
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.) ; Payen, Jacques (dir.). Évolution de la géographie industrielle de Paris et sa proche banlieue au XIXe siècle. CDHT – CNAM, EHESS, Paris, 1976 (2 vol.).
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.) ; Payen, Jacques (dir.). Analyse historique des transports en commun dans la région parisienne 1855-1939. CDHT – CNAM, EHESS, Paris, 1977.
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.). Infrastructures de transport et développement  Le cas des petites villes enclavées 1842-1975. CDHT – CNAM, Paris, 1980.
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.) ; Payen, Jacques (dir.). Les bâtiments à usage industriel aux XVIIIème et XIXème siècles en France. CDHT – CNAM, EHESS, Paris, 1978.
• Daumas, Maurice. L’Archéologie Industrielle en France, Robert Laffont, Paris, 1980.
• Cotte, Michel (ed.). Le Fonds d’Archives Seguin : Aux origines de la révolution industrielle en France, 1790-1820. Privas : Archives départementale de l’Ardèche, 1997. & Cotte, Michel. Le choix de la révolution industrielle, les entreprises de Marc Seguin et de ses frères (1815-1835), Rennes, PUR Fondation Carnot, 2007.
• Goupil, Michelle (ed.). Œuvres de Lavoisier. Correspondance.  4 (1784-1786) et 5 (1787-1788). Paris, Belin / Académie des sciences, 1986 et 1993.
• Bret, Patrice (ed.). Œuvres de Lavoisier. Correspondance.  6 (1789-1791) et 7 (1792-1794). Paris, Belin / Académie des sciences, 1997 et 2012, vol. 8 in progress.
• Jigodon, Gérard ; Larroque, Dominique. Petites villes et infrastructures de transport 1851-1954. CDHT-CNAM, Paris, 1982 & 1985 (2 vol. : Les données ; La France et sa région).
• Fontanon, Claudine. L’industrialisation de la Région Parisienne dans la première moitié du XXème siècle ; les sources de l’histoire des établissements industriels ; commentaire critique et traitement cartographique. CDHT-CNAM, Paris, 1985.
• Daumas, Maurice (dir.), Histoire Générale des techniques, IV :   Les Techniques de la Civilisation Industrielle ; Energie et matériaux, PUF, Paris, 1978, Introduction, p. 1.
• Febvre, Lucien. ”Qu’est-ce que faire l’histoire des techniques ?” Annales d’histoire économique et sociale, 36, Paris, 1935. & Daumas, Maurice. L’Histoire des Techniques : son objet, ses limites, ses méthodes. Documents pour l’histoire des techniques, cahier 7, CDHT – CNAM, Paris, 1969. p. 5-32.
• Singer, Charles. A History of Technology, 8 vols.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1956-84.
• Daumas, Maurice. Les grandes étapes du progress technique. PUF (Que sais-je ?)  Paris, 1981.
• Daumas, Maurice. Le Cheval de César ou le mythe des révolutions techniques. éditions des archives contemporaines – eac, Paris, 1991.
• Gilles, Bertrand. Histoire des Techniques, Gallimard (l’Encyclopédie de la Pléiade), Paris, 1978. & Herlea, Alexandre. “Deux histoires des techniques”. Revue d’Histoire des Sciences, n° XXXV/1, PUF, Paris, 1982, p. 57-63.
• Daumas, Maurice. Le Cheval de César ou le mythe des révolutions techniques. Editions des archives contemporaines – eac, Paris, 1991, p. 1.
• Mumford, Lewis.  Technics and Civilization.  New York: Harcourt, 1934.
• Daumas, Maurice. Le Cheval de César ou le mythe des révolutions techniques. Editions des archives contemporaines – eac, Paris, 1991, fourth cover.
• Daumas, Maurice. L’Histoire des Techniques : son objet, ses limites, ses méthodes. Documents pour l’histoire des techniques, cahier 7, CDHT – CNAM, Paris, 1969. 5-32. & Daumas, Maurice Histoire Générale des techniques. Les Introductions dans les 5 volumes, PUF, Paris, 1962 – 1978. & Daumas, Maurice Le Cheval de César, Paris, 1991.
• Daumas, Maurice. Curriculum vitae. Procès verbaux du Conseil de Perfectionnement – CNAM, 1969, pp. 00022-23. Archives du CNAM. & Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Livret annuel 1970–71. pp. 372-373. Archives du CNAM.
• Daumas, Maurice. Candidat à un cours d’Histoire des Techniques Modernes et contemporaines. Procès verbaux du Conseil de Perfectionnement – CNAM, 1969, pp. 00014-15. Archives du CNAM.
• Daumas, Maurice, Projet de programme de cours. Procès verbaux du Conseil de Perfectionnement – CNAM, 1969, p 00024. Archives du CNAM.
• Payen, Jacques, Chaire d’Histoire des Techniques Contemporaines. Rapport sur l’enseignement présenté à la commission le 7 mars 1977. Archives du CNAM.
• Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Guide de l’élève 90-91. 156. Archives du CNAM.
• Deleage, Jean Paul. Benoît Fournayron et l’invention de la turbine hydraulique. J.P. Deleage a passé, en 1991, au CNAM sous la direction de du professeur J.J. Salomon une remarquable thèse de doctorat intitulée : Histoire de l’écologie. Une science de l’homme et de la nature.
• CNAM, EHESS, Université de Paris IV. Diplôme d’études approfondies en Histoire des Techniques, VARAP, Paris, 1987. Archives du CNAM.
• Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Guide de l’élève 89-90. 120-121. Archives du CNAM. & Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Guide de l’élève 95-96. p. 39. Archives du CNAM. & Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. Recueil des programmes 90-91. pp. 244-246. Archives du CNAM.
• Herlea, Alexandre. Les Moteurs. PUF (Que sais-je ?)  Paris, 1985.
• Herlea, Alexandre (ed.). Science-Technology Relationships. San Francisco Press, San Francisco, 1993.
• Herlea, Alexandre. Petre (Pierre) Sergescu (1893-1954) Historien des Sciences et promoteur de la discipline. Actes du 143e Congrès du CTHS, CTHS, Paris, in press. & Petre Sergescu – savant al Academiei Române. Academica, nr. 5-6, Mai-Iunie 2018, Anul XXVIII, 331-332, Academia Româna.
• Montel, Paul. « Discours prononcé aux funérailles de Pierre Sergescu », Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, nr. 30, 1955, pp. 3-7. & Pierre Sergescu (1893-1954), E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1968. (Janus, t. 55, 1968). & Herlea, Alexandre. « Petre (Pierre) Sergescu (1893-1954), un artisan de la coopération internationale en Histoire des Sciences ». Bulletin de la Société Française d’Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques, nr. 35, février 1994, pp. 14-19 & Magda, Stavinschi, Petre Sergescu si Gândirea Matematica, EIKON, Bucuresti, 2018.
• Taton, René. « Pierre Sergescu, son œuvre en Histoire des Sciences et son action pour la renaissance des Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences », Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, vol. 37, 1987, pp. 104-119. & Taton, René. « Pierre Sergescu (1893-1954) », Revue d’histoire des sciences et de leurs applications, tome 8, n°1, Paris, 1955, pp. 77-80. & Nicolaidis, Efthymios. « Petre Sergescu, président et secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie internationale d’histoire des sciences », Academica, nr. 5-6 mai – iunie 2018, pp. 71-74.
• Sergescu, Pierre. Coup d’œil sur les origines de la science exacte modern, Société d’Édition d’Enseignement supérieur (SEDES), Paris, 1951.
• Sergescu, Pierre. Gandirea Matematica, Institutul de Arte Grafice – Ardealul, Cluj,1928.
• Sergescu, Pierre. Les sciences mathématiques en France au 19^ème siècle et au début du 20^ème siècle (Tableau du XXème siècle), Denoël & Steele, Paris, 1933.
• Sergescu, Pierre. L’évolution des sciences mathématiques et physiques, Flammarion, Paris, 1935.
• Sergescu, Pierre. Some important dates in the evolution of French Mathematics, New-York, 1939.
• Magda, Stavinschi, Petre Sergescu si Gandirea Matematica, EIKON, Bucuresti, 2018, pp. 43-62. & Herlea, Alexandru.  « Petre Sergescu, personalitate reprezentativă a exilului romanesc », Academica, nr. 5-6, mai – iunie 2018, pp. 81-86.
• & Taton, René. « Petre Sergescu (1893-1954) », Bulletin Scientifique Roumain, Ed. Institut Universitaire Roumain Charles Ier, t. III, Paris, 1955, pp. 3-12.
• Taton, René. « Nécrologie Maurice Daumas (1910 -1984) », Revue d’histoire des sciences, tome 37 nr. 3-4, Paris, 1984, p. 337.
• Taton, René. « Pierre Sergescu, son œuvre en Histoire des Sciences et son action pour la renaissance des Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences », Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, vol. 37, 1987, p.112.

 

Etichete: Alexandru Herlea, comunicare, congres, discurs, ICOHTEC, istoria tehnicii, istoria ştiinţei, iulie 2018, Maurice Daumas, Petre Sergescu

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